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Summary
Security Class 05

CONTEMPORARY SITUATION OF NORTH EAST (5:07 PM)

  • Arunachal Pradesh:
  • There was some amount of spillover of Naga insurgency, especially in the Tirap districtrict of Arunachal Pradesh. 
  • Since the cease-fire agreement with NSCN, the state has remained peaceful. 
  • In addition, there is one issue that persists which is with respect to the Chakma refugee. 
  • Chakma and Hajong are ethnic people who are original inhabitants of India -Bangladesh and Myanmar. 
  • Those chakma living in the Chittagong hill tract fled the erstwhile East Pakistan in 1964-65. 
  • The Indian government set up a relief camp in Arunachal Pradesh which is where most of the Chakma's continue to live. 
  • In 1996 and 2015, the SC directed the centre and state government to grant citizenship to Chakmas and Hajongs who had migrated from Bangladesh following which the centre introduced amendments to the citizenship act and MHA cleared the citizenship for over one lakh Chakma refugees. 
  • The Arunachal Pradesh government is opposed to this owing to the fear of demographic inversions. 

CONTEMPORARY SITUATION OF ASSAM (5:23 PM)

  • ULFA:
  • Formations:
  • Its formation coincided with the anti-foreigner agitation of 1979. 
  • It was formed by Paresh Baruah, Arbinda Rajkhova and other Assamese nationalists. 
  • Objective: 
  • To create independent sovereign states of Assam. 
  • Grievances: 
  • The group is of the view that Assam's integration into India was done without the free consent of the Assamese. 
  • It asserts that Assam has a distinct cultural identity different from the rest of India. 
  • It claims that despite being resource-rich, the state has been economically exploited by the central government and the benefits of Assam's resources have not been adequately shared with the local populations. 
  • The group is also fundamentally opposed to the issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh claiming that this influx, has altered the demographic compositions of Assam. 
  • Evolution of ULFA:
  • Rise of ULFA:
  • Because of the perception, that insurgency caused secession from Assam. To which the answer lies in violent counter-agitations. 
  • Other reasons would include: unemployment, corruption, illegal immigration, the dominance of non-Assamese in business and human rights violations by the security forces 
  • Decline of ULFA:
  • Loss of public support because of the criminalization of ULFA cadres
  • Known links with hostile foreign countries 
  • Repeated violations of abortive negotiation with the government 
  • Initiatives taken by the GoI:
  • In 2003, Indian security forces launched a joint operation against ULFA and NDFB with the help of the Royal Bhutanese Army. (Operation All Clear)
  •  In 2006, a unilateral ceasefire by the centre. 
  • In 2011, a tripartite agreement for the suspension of operations was signed between the centre, the Assam government and ULFA.
  • Under this agreement, It was agreed that the outfit would not carry out subversive activities till a political solution is found and security forces won't take action against ULFA cadre 
  • After this, ULFA splits into two groups Protalks and ULFA independent. 
  • BODO:
  • Issues: 
  • The protection of land rights and recognition of distinct identities 
  • Increased political representation at both the centre and the state levels. 
  • Economic development 
  • Job opportunities 
  • Living standards have also been a key concern. 
  • Demands:
  • Some factions demand greater autonomy while some demand separate statehoods.
  • So far three Bodo Accords have been signed. 
  • First Bodo Peace Accord:  Creation of Bodoland Territorial (BTC) Council under the 6th schedule 
  • Third Bodo Peace Accord:
  • It was signed between the Indian government and NDFP. 
  • It expanded the scope of BDTC i.e. increased the territorial jurisdictions. 
  • The BTAD was redrawn and renamed BTAR
  • Other provisions:
  • The creation of the Bodo Kachari Welfare Council
  • Separate Directorate for Bodo medium schools
  • Notifying Bodo language as the associate official language of the state 
  • Special development Package.

MANIPUR (6:08 PM)

  • Issues:
  • Siphoning of development funds
  • The decline in Meitei's influence largely because of constitutional safeguards to the Hill tribes 
  • Increased in cultural distance between tribals and the Meiteis because almost all tribes came under the Christian fold by the 1930s.
  • Spillover of Naga Insurgency 
  • The NSCN insists on the creation of greater Nagalim which includes four districts of Manipur. 
  • Tensions between tribes over land- boundaries (Kuki v/s Naga)
  • Non-functional district councils since most of the tribal communities want these councils to be brought under the 6th schedules. 
  • Economic Developments:
  • There are no major industries or manufacturing units in Manipur and the biggest employer continues to be the state. 
  • Important Insurgent Groups:
  • UNLF ()
  • TLA (People Liberation Army)
  • Prepak (People's Liberation Party of Kample)
  • KNO (Kuki's National Organisations)
  • Grievances: 
  • Integration with the Indian Union was done in a forceful manner. 
  • Misuse of ASPA 
  • In fighting between insurgence groups 
  • Government Efforts 
  • In 1997, a cease agreement was signed with NSCN(IM) 
  • In 2007, a peace agreement was signed with the KNO. 

MEGHALAYA (6:27 PM)

  • The state is by and large free from violence of the intensity that prevails in other parts of the North-East, especially since the creation of Meghalaya state in 1992.
  • Contemporary issue:
  • Clash of interest between the state government and district councils. 
  • Illegal immigration from Bangladesh especially in the Garo Hills. 
  • Border disputes with the state of Assam over some areas along the boundaries between West Jantia Hills and West Karbi-Anglong.
  • Steps Taken by the GoI:
  • Creation of separate Meghalaya 
  • Afspa has been removed from most of the states. 

MIZORAM (6:33 PM)

  • Following the accord between the union government and Mizo National Front in 1986, peace and harmony prevailed in Mizoram. 
  • Initiatives: 
  • In 1972, Mizoram was given the status of Union territory. 
  • In 1986, Mizoram Peace Accord 
  • In 1987 the conferment of full state-hood to Mizoram. 
  • Mizo National Front surrendered and joined the mainstream politics. 

NAGALAND (6:51 PM)

  • Contemporary issues:
  • The lack of unity amongst Naga rebels has repeatedly hampered the efforts to negotiate lasting peace agreements. 
  • From NNC to NSCN, then the eventual splits of NSCN in the late 1980s into NSCN (IM) and NSCN(K)
  • NSCN(IM) is in favour of talk while NSCN(K) is opposed to it. 
  • The creation of NHTA 
  • Creation of Nagaland state in 1963
  • 1997 - ceasefire agreement with NSCN(IM)
  • Since then, the peace talks have been ongoing, largely focussed on the major demands of the NSCN(IM):
  • 1. Recognition of unique Naga history
  • 2. Repeals of AFSPA
  • 3. Territorial integration of all Naga areas into greater Nagalim.
  • 4. Naga should have their own constitutions to govern the integrated Nagalim. 
  • In 2015, a framework agreement was signed between the Indian government and NSCN (IM)
  • Contemporary issues /persistent of the problems:
  • The Indian government demands that any governance structure for the Naga rebel must remain within the structure of the constitution of India.
  • The government is also opposed to any territorial changes to the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. 
  • Under the framework agreement, the central government claims to have recognised the unique history, culture and positions of the Naga. However, the continued application of AFSPA remains a lingering problem. 
  • It was also pointed out by the SC which demanded details on extra-judicial killings in Nagaland's neighbouring states i.e. Manipur between 2000 and 2012. 

TRIPURA (7:12 PM)

  • Demand for a sovereign Tripura owing to the claims that political devolution took a long time. 
  • Illegal immigration from Bangladesh 
  • Initiatives of the government :
  • AFSPA was revoked from the state in 2015. 

APPROACH OF INDIAN STATES TO TACKLE INSURGENCIES (7:22 PM)

  • 1. Imposition of AFSPA and application of UAPA. 
  • 2. Comprehensive surrender cum rehabilitation policy framed by the government of India and also adopted by many states. 
  • 3. Deployment of special trends forces like the Assam Rifles and Rashtriya Riffles. 
  • 4. Setting up comprehensive integrated border management systems 
  • 5. Joint efforts with neighbouring countries. For e.g. Operation All Clear. 
  • 6. Local Autonomy 
  • Political front:
  • Extension of 6th schedule. 
  • Conferment of statehood i.e. administrative reorganisation for conflict reduction
  • Establishment of the North-Eastern Council as a statutory advisory body for the inter-state coordination, planning and development. 
  • In 2001, DONER was created as a dedicated department under the GoI for a more focused development in the regions.
  • In 2004, It was made a separate ministry. 
  • Strategic importance and economic integration:
  • The look East policy of the Indian government envisions the North-Eastern region as a central hub for an integrated economic space. 
  • Developmental front: 
  • Several infrastructural development projects like the IMT trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal projects have been taken up. 
  • National Bamboo Mission and National Horticultural Mission for ecology-based development in the region. 
  • Border-Haats:  To promote economic activities in border areas and to strengthen the cultural ties with the neighbouring countries. 

THE TOPICS FOR THE NEXT CLASS: MONEY LAUNDERING